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London, capital of Great Britain, SE England, on both sides of the Thames River. Greater London (1991 pop. 6,378,600), c.620 sq mi (1,610 sq km), consists of the Corporation of the City of London (1991 pop. 4,000), usually called the City, plus 32 boroughs. The City is the old city of London and is the modern city’s mercial center; it is also referred to as the “Square Mile” because of its area. The 12 inner boroughs that surround the City are Westminster, Camden, Islington, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Greenwich, Lewisham, Southwark, Lambeth, Wandsworth, Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea. The 20 outer boroughs are Waltham Forest, Redbridge, Havering, Barking and Dagenham, Newham, Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Sutton, Merton, Kingston upon Thames, Richmond upon Thames, Hounslow, Hillingdon, Ealing, Brent, Harrow, Bar, Haringey, and Enfield. Greater London includes the area of the former county of London, most of the former county of Middlesex, and areas that were formerly in Surrey, Kent, Essex, and Hertfordshire. Each of the boroughs of Greater London elects a council.
The Greater London Council administered the larger London area until 1986, when it was abolished by the Thatcher government, making London unique as a world metropolis without a central governing unit. In 1999 the Greater London Authority Act reestablished a single local governing body for the Greater London area, consisting of an elected mayor and the London Assembly. Elections were held in 2000, and Ken Livingstone became London’s first elected mayor.

Economy

London is one of the world’s foremost financial, mercial, industrial, and cultural centers. The Bank of England, Lloyd’s, the stock exchange, and numerous other banks and investment panies have their headquarters there, primarily in the City, but increasingly at Canary Wharf. The financial services sector is a major source of overall employment in London.

London still remains one of the world’s greatest ports. It exports manufactured goods and imports petroleum, tea, wool, raw sugar, timber, butter, metals, and meat. Consumer goods, clothing, precision instruments, jewelry, and stationery are produced, but manufacturing has lost a number of jobs in the once-dominant textile, furniture, printing, and chemical-processing industries as firms have moved outside the area. Engineering and scientific research are also important to the economy, as is tourism. The city is a hub for road, rail, and air (its airports include Heathrow and Gatwick), and it is now linked to the Continent by a high-speed rail line under the English Channel.

Points of Interest

The best-known streets of London are Fleet Street, the Strand, Piadilly, Whitehall, Pall Mall, Downing Street, and Lombard Street. Bond and Regent streets and Covent Garden are noted for their shops. Buckingham Palace is the royal family’s London residence. Municipal parks include Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent’s Park (which houses the London Zoo), and St. James’s and Green parks. Museums include the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Wallace Collection, the Institute of Contemporary Art, and the Saachi Gallery. London also has numerous mercial art galleries and plays a major role in the international art market.

The British Library, one of the world’s great reference resources, is located in London. The city is rich in other artistic and cultural activities. Its approximately 100 theater panies reflect the importance of drama, and it has several world-class orchestras, a well-known opera house, performance halls, and clubs. A working replica of Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre opened in 1997. The Univ. of London is the largest in Great Britain, and there are other universities and colleges in the city. The state-owned BBC (British Broadcasting Company) is headquartered in London, and most of the country’s national newspapers are published there. The New Scotland Yard, synonymous with criminal investigation, is located in the city. Sporting events draw large support from Londoners who follow cricket, soer (at Wimbley Stadium), and tennis (including the Wimbledon championship).

History

Little is known of London prior to A.D. 61, when, aording to the Roman historian Tacitus, the followers of Queen Boadicea rebelled and slaughtered the inhabitants of the Roman fort Londinium. Roman authority was soon restored, and the first city walls were built, remnants of which still exist. After the final withdrawal of the Roman legions in the 5th cent., London was lost in obscurity. Celts, Saxons, and Danes contested the general area, and it was not until 886 that London again emerged as an important town under the firm control of King Alfred, who rebuilt the defenses against the Danes and gave the city a government.

London put up some resistance to William I in 1066, but he subsequently treated the city well. During his reign the White Tower, the nucleus of the Tower of London, was built just east of the city wall. Under the Normans and Plantages (see Great Britain), the city grew mercially and politically and during the reign of Richard I (1189–99) obtained a form of municipal government from which the modern City Corporation developed. In 1215, King John granted the city the right to elect a mayor annually.

The guilds of the Middle Ages gained control of civic affairs and grew sufficiently strong to restrict trade to freemen of the city. The guilds survive today in 80 livery panies, of which members were once the voters in London’s municipal elections. Medieval London saw the foundation of the Inns of Court and the construction of Westminster Abbey. By the 14th cent. London had bee the political capital of England. It played no active role in the Wars of the Roses (15th cent.).

The reign of Elizabeth I brought London to a level of great wealth, power, and influence as the undisputed center of England’s Renaissance culture. This was the time of Shakespeare (and the Globe Theatre) and the beginnings of overseas trading panies such as the Muscovy Company. With the advent (1603) of the Stuarts to the throne, the city became involved in struggles with the crown on behalf of its democratic privileges, culminating in the English civil war.

In 1665, the great plague took some 75,000 lives. A great fire in Sept., 1666, lasted five days and virtually destroyed the city. Sir Chrisher Wren played a large role in rebuilding the city. He designed more than 51 churches, notably the rebuilt St. Paul’s Cathedral. Other notable churches include the gothic Southwark Cathedral, St. Paul’s Church (1633; designed by Inigo Jones), St. Martin-in-the-Fields (18th cent.), and Westminster Cathedral. Much of the business of London as well as literary and political discussion was transacted in coffeehouses, forerunners of the modern club. Until 1750, when Westminster Bridge was opened, London Bridge, first built in the 10th cent., was the only bridge to span the Thames. Since the 18th cent., several other bridges have been constructed; the Tower Bridge was pleted in 1894.

In the 19th cent., London began a period of extraordinary growth. The area of present-day Greater London had about 1.1 million people in 1801; by 1851, the population had increased to 2.7 million, and by 1901 to 6.6 million. During the Victorian era, London acquired tremendous prestige as the capital of the British Empire and as a cultural and intellectual center. Britain’s free political institutions and intellectual atmosphere made London a haven for persons unsafe in their own countries. The Italian Giuseppe Mazzini, the Russian Aleksandr Herzen, and the German Karl Marx were among many politically controversial figures who lived for long periods in London.

Many buildings of central London were destroyed or damaged in air raids during World War II. These include the Guildhall (scene of the lord mayor’s banquets and other public functions); No. 10 Downing Street, the prime minister’s residence; the Inns of Court; Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament; St. Gee’s Cathedral; and many of the great halls of the ancient livery panies. Today there are numerous blocks of new office buildings and districts of apartment dwellings constructed by government authorities. The growth of London in the 20th cent. has been extensively planned. One notable feature has been the concept of a “Green Belt” to save certain areas from intensive urban development. In 1982, a tax-free zone in the Docklands in the East End’s Tower Hamlets borough was created to stimulate development. Although the Canary Wharf financial center (with Lloyd’s futuristic building, opened in 1986) was initially slow to fill, it now rivals the City.

London has an ethnically and culturally diverse population, with large groups of immigrants from Commonwealth nations. South Asian, West Indian, African, and Middle Eastern peoples aount for much of the immigrant population. The city is the site of one of the largest Hindu temple plexes and the largest Sikh temple outside India; there also are many mosques, including one of the largest in Europe. With the reestablishment of the city’s central government (2000), London built its egg-shaped City Hall (2002), on the south bank of the Thames opposite the Tower of London. The city was the site of the 1908 and 1948 summer Olympic games and will be the site of the 2012 summer games.

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1、温布尔登
2、格林尼治
3、卡特福德
4、坎伯维尔
5、兰贝斯
6、斯特雷特姆
7、达利奇
8、弗里斯特希尔

ENGLAND:包括的大区/郡()里是人口,到2001.
Greater London (8,278,251)
West Midlands (2,284,093)
Greater Manchester (2,244,931)
West Yorkshire (1,499,465)
Liverpool (816,216)
Tyneside (756,765)
Nottingham (666,358)
Sheffield (640,720)
Bristol (551,066)
Brighton (461,181)
Portsmouth (442,252)
Leicester (441,213)
Coventry (436,000)
Bournemouth/Poole (383,713)
Reading (369,804)

EANGLAND的城市:Bath | Birmingham | Bradford | Brighton & Hove | Bristol | Cambridge | Canterbury | Carlisle | Chester | Chichester | Coventry | Derby | Durham | Ely | Exeter | Gloucester | Hereford | Kingston upon Hull | Lancaster | Leeds | Leicester | Lichfield | Lincoln | Liverpool | London (City of London and Westminster) | Manchester | Newcastle upon Tyne | Norwich | Nottingham | Oxford | Peterborough | Plymouth | Portsmouth | Preston | Ripon | Saint Albans | Salford | Salisbury | Sheffield | Southampton | Stoke-on-Trent | Sunderland | Truro | Wakefield | Wells | Winchester | Wolverhampton | Worcester | York

要是要更细的,就拿伦敦大区来说,里面还有City of London
City of Westminster
Kensington and Chelsea
Hammersmith and Fulham
Wandsworth
Lambeth
Southwark
Tower Hamlets
Hackney
Islington
Camden
Brent
Ealing
Hounslow
Richmond
Kingston
Merton Sutton
Croydon
Bromley
Lewisham
Greenwich
Bexley
Havering
Barking and Dagenham
Redbridge
Newham
Waltham Forest
Haringey
Enfield
Bar
Harrow
Hillingdon

Scotland:
Aberdeen | Dundee | Edinburgh | Glasgow | Inverness | Stirling

Wales:Cardiff – 320,524

Swansea – 270,463

Newport – 145,769

Merthyr Tydfil – 54,700

Barry – 50,661

Cwmbran – 47,254

Wrexham – 44,723

Bridgend – 40,429

Rhondda Cynon Taf – 231,600

Northern Ireland:
Belfast | Derry | Armagh | Newry | Lisburn

伦敦的行政区划分为伦敦城和32个市区，伦敦城外的12个市区称为内伦敦，其它20个市区称为外伦敦。伦敦城、内伦敦、外伦敦构成大伦敦市。大伦敦市又可分为伦敦城、西伦敦、东伦敦、南区和港口。伦敦城是金融资本和贸易中心，西伦敦是英国王宫、首相官邸、议会和政府各部所在地，东伦敦是工业区和工人住宅区，南区是工商业和住宅混合区，港口指伦敦塔桥至泰晤士河河口之间的地区。整个大伦敦面积1580平方公里。
市
1、伦敦市（City of London）
自治市
1、威斯敏斯特市（City of Westminster）
2、肯辛顿-切尔西（Kensington and Chelsea）
3、哈默尔史密斯-富勒姆（Hammersmith and Fulham）
4、旺兹沃思（Wandsworth）
5、兰贝斯（Lambeth）
6、萨瑟克（Southwark）
7、陶尔哈姆莱茨（Tower Hamlets）
8、哈克尼（Hackney）
9、伊斯灵顿（Islington）
10、卡姆登（Camden）
11、布伦特（Brent）
12、伊令（Ealing）
13、豪恩斯洛（Hounslow）
14、里士满（Richmond）
15、金斯敦（Kingston）
16、默顿（Merton）
17、萨顿（Sutton）
18、克罗伊登（Croydon）
19、布罗姆利（Bromley）
20、刘易舍姆（Lewisham）
21、格林威治（Greenwich）
22、贝克斯利（Bexley）
23、黑弗灵（Havering）
24、巴金-达格南（Barking and Dagenham）
25、雷德布里奇（Redbridge）
26、纽汉（Newham）
27、沃尔瑟姆福雷斯特（Waltham Forest）
28、哈林盖（Haringey）
29、恩菲尔德（Enfield）
30、巴尼特（Bar）
31、哈罗（Harrow）
32、希灵登（Hillingdon）
伦敦市（City of London）拥有独立的行政与立法权限，位阶较高；而威斯敏斯特市（City of Westminster）虽称为市，但仍属于伦敦自治市之一。伦敦市和众自治市属于标准一级行政区——单一管理区（Unitary Authority Region）之一。而这33个行政区中，以内伦敦教育局（Inner London Education Authority）的定义来说，靠近中心的12个被合称为内伦敦（Inner London），外围的20个合称为外伦敦（Outer London），共33个区域。